Lactation

Lactation or the secretion of milk and its discharge from the breasts in suckling is the function of the breast.

This may be considered in two phases:

        1: The secretion of milk

       2: Its discharge from the breast.

There is a little secretion in the breasts from the sixteenth week of pregnancy which keeps the ducts open and ready to function. After the birth of a baby a thin fluid, called COLOSTRUM, which is rich in protein, is secreted during the first 2-3 days;then a free flow of milk is established, gradually becoming 

Mature milk. A hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland prolactin is important in stimulating the secretion of milk.The maintenance of this secretion is controlled by hormones from the anterior pituitary and the thyroid glands.A nursing mother needs encouragement,especially with a first baby,to establish normal lactation.This does not depend only on the suckling efforts of the infant but also on a mechanism in the breast which by contraction expels milk from the alveoli about breast feeding, can influence lactation, but with knowledge, practice and relaxation, this relationship between mother and baby can be happily established.

Disorders of the Breast

During lactation, in particular, a milk duct may become obstructed when a cyst which is called a galactocele  may form. Infection may occur in any part of  the of the breast , more usually during lactation.

    The breast tissue may be the site of either simple or malingnant tumour. The latter is fairly common in the breast and therefore any irregularity,swelling or contraction of the breast  should at once be seen by a surgeon.In any infection or tumour of the breast the axillary lymphatic glands may be affected.Both infection and carcinoma are spread by permeation of the surrounding structures and by infiltration of the lymphatics.

Signs of Pregnancy & Early Pregnancy Symptoms:

It would not  be difficult knowing that the woman  were pregnant if the uterus came complete with flashing lights and twirling tassels which activate when origin has occured! But unfortunately, the only pregnancy symptoms we can rely on hormonal changes that occur within in our body.

You may begin noticing pregnancy symptoms and be able to notice pregnancy after implantation, which occurs from around 7 to 10 days post ovulation. If you have conceived, the embryo starts to create hCG after implantation and not before, so it is not possible to notice pregnancy or have pregnancy symptoms prior to this time. So the longer you stay to test after ovulation, the more precise the result will be and the darker the potential positive test line may be. Pregnancy testing should ideally be done from the day your period would have been due.

Morning Sickness:

Morning sickness : 

Morning sickness  is another well known pregnancy symptom. It is not bad for the health of the woman.Morning sickness can pay you a visit any time of day, so make sure eat sufficient and avoid letting your blood sugar levels drop. Ginger is a great natural medicine for nausea so it is worth a try, although some women find that nothing seems to help their morning sickness, which usually hangs around for the first trimester before getting better or if you are unlucky, the second trimester or even whole pregnancy.

Missed / No Period:

One of the first pregnancy symptoms that the woman may notice is that the period does not arrive. Although this symptom is one we commonly associate

with pregnancy, there may be other reasons that why a period has not arrived, for example,it my be not arrived due to high levels of stress, major illness or surgery. On the other hand, it is possible to continue to have  periods during pregnancy. Some women may bleed for just a few months or even their whole pregnancy.

Breast Changes During Pregnancy:

The early symptoms of pregnancy that the women may notice is changes in the breasts, including:

1:Nipples may be sensitive and tender. some women explain their nipples to be irritatingly sensitive!

2:Breasts may be painful and / or lumpy

3:Nipples may deepen in colour

4: In the breast area, Veins may become more noticeable and enlarged .

5:circles around the nipples appear.

6:The little ‘bumps’ on your areolas (Montgomery’s Tubercles) may increase and / or enlargen

Increased Cervical Mucus:

A flow in progesterone often results in a surge of soft cervical mucus production. Some women may notice a little and some notice much more.

Cramping

This symptom of early pregnancy can also be an uncomforting one for parents-to-be, as regularly there is a fear of miscarriage. However, even when not pregnant, the uterus is continuously contracting. When the woman pregnant, the foetus pushes and  grows against the walls of the uterus, which causes it to contract. It is very normal.

Women can have both bleeding and cramping in pregnancy and be able to continue on with a healthy pregnancy.

Signs of Pregnancy & Early Pregnancy Symptoms

Constipation & Wind:

When the woman is pregnant , hormones increased which can effect on the intestines, making them more relaxed –it makes the more space for the baby as the uterus expands. As a result the women may get constipation. But there are some constipation remedies available from the pharmacist that are safe for pregnancy.

Sense of Smell:

Food and cooking smells are usually the culprit, however every woman is different and may dislike all sorts of smells.

Nasal Stuffiness / Colds:

At an early age, a foetus is very clever. In a healthy pregnancy, the immune system is prevented and suppressed from rejecting and attacking the foetus as if it were an foreign object by hormones and antibodies the foetus produces. The antibodies also take part in the development and growth of the placenta. Due to the hormonal changes to your immune system,women are more susceptible to colds and flu.

Cravings / Changes in Taste:

When the woman is pregnant ,the hormone level in the blood can reflect in saliva. A metallic taste in the mouth alters the taste of foods that usually enjoy. Some women will not eat meat and some women gag when brushing their teeth from their toothpaste!

Change in Colour of Vagina:

When the woman is pregnant ,then the level of blood is increased in the pelvic region, then vagina will appear more purplish than normal.

What is pregnancy?

Pregnancy is the word which is  used to describe when a woman has a rising fetus inside of her. In most cases, the fetus grows in the uterus.

Pregnancy in Human lasts about 40 weeks, or just more than 9 months, from the start of the last menstrual period to childbirth.

What are the signs of pregnancy?

Missing of one or more consecutive menstrual periods is the primary sign of pregnancy.  However, because many women experience menstrual irregularities that may reason missed periods, the women who miss a period should see their cunsultant doctor,to find out whether they are pregnant or whether there is another health problem.

Others signs and symptoms of pregnancy may include:

       1:Morning sickness, Nausea or vomiting

       2: Fatigue

       3:Fatigue Sore breasts or nipples

       4: Food cravings or aversions

       5: Headaches

       6:Mood swings

       7;Frequent urination

Types of Rossaca

Types of rosacea are as given below.

Ocular rosacea: The ocular rosacea si characterized as dry eye, swollen eyelids, tearing and burning, potential vision loss from corneal damage and recurrent styes.
 Phymatous rosacea:Typically the Phymatous rosacea is characterized as skin thickening, often resulting in an swelling of the nose (rhinopyma) from excess tissue.
Papulopustular rosacea: Papulopustular rosacea also appears by constant redness with temporary bumps and pimples.
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea:This type is  most common. It is characterized by persistent redness and flushing, and may also contain visible blood vessels. When the community raise question what is rosacea? this is what they usually consider of. It is important to understand that the situation can worsen without proper treatment.

WHAT IS ROSACEA?

There is a most common questions is that,what is rosacea? We can be defined it as It is a chronic skin disease that causes swellingand redness, primarily appears  on the face.

In the human body usually it appears on the face and chest. It also appears on the neck, scalp, ears and back. Sometimes, rosacea affects the eyes. Rosacea generally varies in harshness,and manifests in episodes of flushing and redness of the precious areas. The skin lesions, which can escort rosacea which diverge from acne in that  skin condition of irritation do not swell up with liquefied and approach to a "head" like acne vulgaris pustules do.

If the situation is left natural noticeable blood vessels may become visible and the skin will appear to be redder. Then,bumps and pimples frequently appear, and in most cases the nose may raise inflamed and rough from excess tissue. This situation is known as rhinophyma. The eyes of the patients are also affected. The eyes suffer irritated and appear bloodshot or watery.

Causes of Basal Cell Cancer

The causes of BASAL CELL CANCER are as
Ultraviolet radiation is the major risk factor for increasing the BCCs. While its rate is more in old age people, it is becoming more familiar in young age citizens like in 20s and 30s. 

The people which have Fair skin have a  larger risk for BCC. Radiation treatments, as well as invulnerable control, also boost one's risk. In western countries, those who use tanning beds also have an prominent risk for BCCs. The people which have numerous inherited disorders that obvious a larger compassion to ultraviolet radiation, have an augmented prevalence of BCC.

What is Basal Cell Carcinoma?

It is one of  the most often diagnosed type of  skin cancers. The basal cells, which are situated in the underside layer of the epidermis are affected by this. spiteful cells propagate excessively from the epider`mis resulting in a tumor. The occurrence of basal cell cancer increases with time. Approximately all the people diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma can suppose to subsist at least another 5 years. 

Generally it does not extend to isolated sites (metastasize), and  therefore It is  less fatal. Basal cell carcinoma can attack normal tissues and harm deeply the tissues of muscles and bones, and deface the skin. On its revisit, Basal cell carcinoma can be additional destructive.When it  re-occure,  it may grow fastly and reason further tissue spoil.

Nail problems

Nail problems affect people of all ages. Common causes of nail problems include trauma, infection and various skin diseases, such as eczema and psoriasis. Diet is generally not responsible for abnormal nail changes, unless the person is suffering from severe malnutrition. Some nail situation need professional treatment from either a dermatologist or a doctor, while others react to easy self-help techniques and small existence changes. When in uncertainty search for medical counsel.
The structure of the nail:
Nails are prepared from a proteins called keratin. The thickness, strength, and growth rate of nails are inherited characteristics. The structures of the nail include:

1:Nail plate – It is the noticeable division of the nail.

2:Nail bed – It is the nail coat sits on peak of the nail bed.

3:Nail folds - the nail plate rests within slight skin grooves.

4:Cuticle –It is a thin flutter of tissue that lies over the stand of the nail.

5:Nail matrix –It is the site of nail expansion, tucked in the skin.

Common conditions:
Some of the more common conditions that affect nails include:

1:Discolouration

2: Ridged nails

3: Thickened nails

4:Splitting nails

5:Lifted nail plate

6:Bacterial infection

7:Fungal infection

8:Trauma

9:Skin diseases

10:Other diseases 11:Advancing age.

What is Acne?

Acne vulgaris is very common dermatoses. It appears at teenage years, when the sebaceous glands are the most energetic. In the period of  pre-adolescent, seborrhoea oleosa and also  some comedones normally come out as fore-runners of the diseases. In the age of  twenty, it decreases gradually, and is again appear particularly in women after the age of 28, or so (post-adolescent acne), since they frequently stop producing children (family planning) and periods may suit scanty by that age. It also occurs in both girls and boys; in the final, in a fairly severer form.

For the growth of acne, also seborrhoea, the hyperkeratosis of the pilo-sebaceous ostia is an important pathogenic factor. A keratinous-cum-sebaceous plug is formed in the follicular neck resulting that it narrowing and sometimes blocking of the tube.A well-developed rising hair interferes with the group of keratinous and sebaceous matter. The growing hair plays the role, as it were, of a spike. That is why acne never occurs on the scalp, and only rarely, on the beard region despite seborrhoea being present in these areas.

What is eczema?

Sometimes we called Eczema, or dermatitis, is an provocative skin disorder. The harshness of this disease can fluctuate. In the mild forms the skin is itchy, dry and  hot.

In the more severe cases, the skin can become busted, bleeding and raw. It is not infectious, but can become very unpleasant. It can influence any part of the body. In the infants, eczema classically occurs on the cheeks ,forehead, legs, forearms, scalp, and neck. In adults and children, eczema naturally occurs on the face, neck, and the insides of the knees ,elbows, and ankles.

What causes eczema?

There are two types of eczema. First type is  Atopic Eczema is thinking to be a heritable situation. People who have Atopic Eczema are very sensitive to allergens in the environment which are safe to other bodies. In Atopic Eczema there is an extreme effect by the protected system. This type of eczema can degenerate after intake certain foods or after being viewing to other allergens such as dust or pollen. Atopic eczema can be a long-standing condition.

Second Condition is  Contact dermatitis,It is the most common form of the condition and is often the result of an allergic reaction after touching something. This type of eczema can be caused by many irritants including feathers, metals, wool, plants and animal hair, soaps and detergents, bubble bath, cosmetics, fabric dyes, etc. It is important to remember many things can cause eczema. Now that you know what is eczema, and what can cause eczema, we can discuss how common it is.

How to Deal With Skin problems during pregnancy?

The reality of the subject is that the changes which take place to a body of the woman through pregnancy are severe, and change almost each single part of her life. When you are discusing about the daybreak sickness or back pain or stretch symbols, pregnancy makes itself identified to the pregnant woman's body. Yet skin problems are particularly general during the pregnancy.

What are the causes of skin problems during pregnancy? Simply and Plainly, it is the change in the levels of hormone in the body of pregnant woman that can origin skin problems. Increase in the levels of estrogen and progesterone be likely to reason the skin to be extra oily than normal. This, in turn, then makes pores more likely to become plugged up and form acne. During pregnancy Skin problems are so common that many women who have not practiced any skin problems whatever as their youth years will practice skin problems over again during pregnancy.

So,The question is that,what can you do on it? How do you treat with skin harms during pregnancy? There are several steps you can take to help reduce their impact:

* Stay away from fatty foods. These foods, of course,are known to aggravate skin problems. Here is a excellent option that they would exaggerate your morning condition, as well. Whenever feasible, decide tilt meats and particularly evade unfathomable and any sort of fried foods whatsoever.

* Wash and care for your skin daily. Use a high-quality skin cleanser, and exfoliate when possible. If your skin is especially dry, Use a moisturizer.Also  keep your skin clean.

But, these methods would not finish skin problems during pregnancy, they may help out to reduce the effect of those skin problems.

SYMPTOMS OF SKIN CANCER

The most common sign of skin cancer is a vary on the skin, particularly a new development or a tender that doesn't heal. Skin cancer symptoms do not appear the same. For example, the cancer may start as a smooth ,small, pale , shiny, or waxy lump. Or it can show as a stiff red lump. Sometimes, the swelling bleeds or develops a crust. Skin cancer can also start as a flat, red spot that is dry rough, or scaly.

Both basal and squamous cell skin cancers are create mainly on areas of the skin that are uncovered to the sun -- the face head, neck, hands, and arms. However,the symptoms of skin cancer can occur anywhere.

Actinic keratosis, it appears as rough, red or brown peeling patches on the skin,it is known as a precancerous condition because it sometimes develops into squamous cell cancer. similar to skin cancer, it usually appears on areas which are sun-exposed but can be originate elsewhere.

Changes in the skin are not definite symbols of skin cancer; however, it is essential to see a doctor if any sign appears longer than 2 weeks. Don't wait for the area to harm skin cancers rarely cause pain.

Causes of Skin Cancer

The main causes of skin cancer is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, or UV rays. UV rays are indiscernible, and these  are created by the sun and from tanning lamps. Most often, skin cancer is the effect of over xposure to the sun.

The skin changes by the UV rays which causes skin cancer.Mostly  In some cases, the UV rays damage directly to the cells.For example, Tans and sunburns, are both symbols that UV rays have damaged the skin. In other cases, UV rays causes skin cancer ultimately, by weakening the resistant mechanisms in skin and the rest of the body.

Many studies of skin cancer shows that links between malignant melanomas and an persons prejudice to sun revelation. The studies shows that people who suffered harsh and  frequent sunburns through childhood are at higher risk of rising skin cancer. The skin texture most closely linked with intolerance to sun exposure comprise fair or blue eyes, freckled skin and reddish hairor light-coloured .

Types of Skin Cancer

There are three types of skin cancer

1: basal cell carcinoma

2: squamous cell carcinoma

3:malignant melanoma.

Most cases of skin cancer in Canada are either squamous cell carcinomas or basal. These skin cancers lean to build up later in life on areas of skin that have been showing repetitively to the sun, such as the face, hands or neck. Basal and squamous cell carcinomas grow gradually and thencause death because they frequently do not increase to other parts of the body. These types of cancers are treated by surgery.

Second type of cancers are different. From different reports it is nearly 5% of all skin cancers, and are the type most possible to be serious. Unlike other skin cancers, they take place earlier in life and grow swiftly. They may increase on approximately any part of the body.

Over the past 30 years, The occurrence rate of skin cancer has been increasing in Canada. In 2005, there were approximately 78,000 new cases of basal and squamous cell carcinomas reported in Canada, and also about 4,400 new cases reported of malignant melanomas.

WHAT ARE SKIN DISEASES?

There are many types of skin disease which can affect the skin of persons.some of them are very simple as a minor frustration, while some of them can cause severe distress and still lead to disease and other illnesses. Usually a dermatologist treated skin diseases. Many researchers says that skin diseases are nutrient imbalances in the body and cure of these skin diseases without using of chemicals is completely possible. Western doctors are argued this, who tend to support chemical therapies for most situation, skin or otherwise.

There are exactly hundreds of skin diseases, thus the information which relates to the general of skin diseases. Skin diseases contain irritating and discomforting conditions such as psoriasis, acne, chiggers, boils and  Lupus of the skin, scabies, Lichens ,rosacea, and cysts. Most skin diseases cause irritation, itching, swelling, redness and often even pain at the place of the skin irritation.

Skin diseases have various causes. Some of them can be caused by different  forms of bacteria. Bacterium is caused of Acne, but rosacea is not caused   by the same bacterium. Tension and dietary issues can cause the skin diseases Deficiencies of nutrients at least contribute to if they are not the basis of skin disease. Skin diseases such as skin cancer is caused by prolonged and severe revelation to the harmful UV rays of sun